Monomers Issued From Renewable Resources and Process for Polymerising Them

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to the synthesis of polycarbonates prepared from carbonate monomers derived from the biomass in the presence of a system comprising an organometallic transfer agent and alcohol. It also relates to the polymers resulting from these cyclic compounds.

This invention relates to the synthesis of polycarbonates prepared from cyclic monomers derived from the biomass in the presence of a system comprising an organometallic catalyst and a transfer agent. It also relates to the resulting polymers of cyclic monomer.

Several methods have been developed to prepare polycarbonates. The starting material is selected either from a five- or from a six-membered carbonate monomer. There is an abundant literature describing the synthesis of these compounds. The synthesis of six-membered carbonates is described for example in Bhanage et al. (Bhanage B. M. Fujita S., Ikushima Y., Arai M., in Green Chemistry, 5, 429, 2003), or in Wang et al. (Wang X. L., Zhuo, R. X., Liu L. J., He F., Liu G., in J. Polym. Sci, Part A, 40, 70, 2002), or in Wolinsky et al. (Wolinsky J. B., Ray III W. C., Colson Y. L. Grinstaff M. W., in Macromolecules, 40, 7065, 2007, or in Gasset et al (EP-A-0,955,298).

The synthesis of five-membered carbonates is described for example in Aresta and Dibenedetto (Aresta M., Dibenedetto A., J. Mol. Catal. A: Chem., 257, 149, 2006) or in Robicki et al. (Robicki G., Rakoczy P., Parzuchowski P., in Green Chem., 7, 529, 2005) or in Ubaghs et al. (Ubaghs L., Fricke N., Keul H., Hôcker H., in Macromol. Rapid Comm., 25, 517, 2004), or in Komura et al. (Komura H., Yoshino T., Ishido Y., in Bulletin of the chemical society of Japan, 46, 550, 1973) or in Matsumoto et al. (Matsumoto K., Fuwa S., Shimojo M., Kitajima H., in Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn, 69, 2977, 1996).

Polymerisation of carbonates was typically carried out by ring-opening of the five- or six-membered carbonates either by organometallic catalysis or by organic catalysis. The advantage of organometallic catalysis was that it offers a controlled polymerisation. The most frequently used catalytic components were based on

-   -   Sn(Oct)₂ as described for example in Kricheldorf and Stricker         (Kricheldorf H. R., Stricker A., in Macromol. Chem. Phys. 201,         2557, 2000)     -   or biocompatible metals such as Mg, Ca, Fe or Zn as described         for example in Darensbourg et al. (Darensbourg D., Wonśook C.,         Poulomi G., Casseday R., in Macromol. 37, 4374, 2006) or in         Dobrzinsky et al. (Dobrzinsky P., Pastusiak M., Bero M., in J.         Polym. Sci. Part A Polym. Chem., 43, 1913, 2004) or in Kuran et         al. (Kuran W., Sobczak M., Listos T., Debek C., Florjanczyk Z.,         in Polymer. 41, 8531, 2000)     -   or group 3 metal (including the lanthanide series) complexes         such as described for example in Palard et al. (Palard I.,         Schappacher M., Belloncle B., Soum A., Guillaume S., in Chem.         Eur. J. 13, 1511, 2007) or in Zhao et al. (Zhao B., Lu C., Shen         Q., in J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 25, 517, 2004) or in Sheng et al.         (Sheng H., Zhou L., Zhang Y., Yao Y., Shen Q., in J. Polym. Sci.         Part A Polym. Chem., 45, 1210, 2007).

The advantage of organic catalysis was that it offered polymerisation under mild conditions with non-metal catalyst components. They were based on

-   -   enzymes such as described for example in Bisht et al. (Bisht S.         K., Svirkin Y. Y., Henderson L. A., Gross R. A., in         Macromolecules, 30, 7735, 1997) or in Gross et al. (Gross R. A.,         Kumar A., Kalra B., in Chem. Rev., 101, 2109, 2001) or in         Koboyashi et al. (Koboyashi S., Uyama H., Kimura S., in Chem.         Rev., 101, 3793, 2001).     -   organic compounds such as amines or guanidine as described for         example in Nederberg et al. (Nederberg F., Lohmeijer G. B.,         Leibfarth F., Pratt R. C., Choi J., Dove A. P., Weymouth R. M.,         Heidrich J. L., in Biomacromolecules, 8, 153, 2007) or in         Mindemark et al. (Mindemark J. Hilborn J., Bowden T., in         Macromolecules, 40, 3515, 2007).

It is an aim of the present invention to provide a method for polymerising cyclic carbonate compounds using small amounts of a metal catalyst.

It is another aim of the present invention to use, in combination with the small amounts of the metal catalyst, large amounts of a transfer agent to achieve so-called “immortal” polymerisation of cyclic carbonate compounds.

It is a further aim of the present invention to control and tune the characteristics and properties of the resulting polycarbonates.

In particular, it is another aim to prepare functionalised polycarbonates selectively end-capped by a group originating from the transfer agent.

It is yet another aim of the present invention to apply the method of the immortal ring-opening polymerisation to new cyclic carbonates derived from glycerol.

Any one of those aims is, at least partially, fulfilled by the present invention.

LIST OF FIGURES

FIG. 1 represents the number average molecular weight Mn of poly(trimethylcarbonate) expressed in Da as a function of conversion rate expressed in % for two different alcohols, BnOH and ^(i)PrOH respectively.

FIG. 2 represents the conversion of trimethylcarbonate expressed in % as a function of time expressed in minutes for two different alcohols, BnOH and ^(i)PrOH respectively.

FIG. 3 represents the ¹H NMR spectrum of the precipitated polymer prepared in example 1.

Accordingly, the present invention discloses a process for polymerising five- or six-membered cyclic carbonates by ring-opening polymerisation in the presence of a system comprising an organometallic compound and an alcohol, characterised in that the number average molecular weight Mn of the final polymer is controlled by the ratio monomer/alcohol.

The method is very efficient to polymerise cyclic carbonates in a highly controlled manner using minute amounts of organometallic compound with a large excess of alcohol, under mild reaction conditions.

The alcohol is acting as co-activator and transfer agent. It is in a first role the initiator of the ring-opening and in a second role, a fast reversible exchange takes place between the growing polymer chains and the free alcohol moieties. Excess alcohol molecules, being involved in said rapid and reversible exchange with the growing chains thus appear to act as transfer agents.

The organometallic compound can be selected from metallic complexes of formula MR_(n) wherein M is a metal Group 2, 3 (including the lanthanide series, hereafter referred as Ln), 8, 12 or 13 of the periodic Table, wherein each R is selected independently from hydrogen, an hydrocarbyl radical having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkoxide group OR* wherein R* is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an amido group NR**₂ wherein R** is of general formula YR^(#) ₃ wherein Y is Si or C and each R# is independently selected from hydrogen or hydrocarbyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a borohydride group or an halide, and wherein n is the valence of M.

Preferably, M is Mg(II), Ca(II), Y(III), Fe(II), Fe(III), Zn(II), or Al(III). Preferably each R is selected independently from an amido group such as N(SiMe₃)₂, N(SiHMe₂)₂, an alkoxide group OR′ such as OiPr, OMe, OBn, . . . , or a borohydride group (BH₄) . . . .

The alcohol can be represented by formula R′OH wherein R′ is an hydrocarbyl, linear or branched, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms. Preferably R′ is a secondary alkyl residue or benzylic group, more preferably it is isopropyl (^(i)Pr) or benzyl (Bn) or a combination thereof.

The polymerisation reaction can be represented by:

R₁, R₂=growing polymer chain; [m]: organometallic fragment

-   -   k_(tr): transfer rate constant; k_(p): propagation rate constant

In the present polymerisation scheme, alcohol acts as a reversible transfer agent. During chain propagation, a rapid alkoxide/alcohol exchange takes place. It is observed, for the first time for cyclic carbonate monomers, that, as the ratio alcohol/metal increases, the molecular weight of the polymer chains decreases to the same extent.

If the rate of transfer reaction k_(tr) is rapid enough relative to the polymerisation rate k_(p), the molar mass distribution of the macromolecules formed is narrow.

At a constant alcohol/metal ratio, the molecular weight of the polycarbonate depends upon the nature of the alcohol as can be seen in FIG. 1 representing the number average molecular weight Mn of poly(trimethylcarbonate) as a function of conversion percentage for two different alcohols, BnOH and ^(i)PrOH, respectively. It is also observed that the relationship is linear.

It is also observed that the nature of the alcohol has an influence on the activity of the system generated from ZnEt₂. More generally, we speculate that this might reflect the degree of aggregation (m) of the alkoxide-metal species {M(OR)_(n)}_(m) generated from the combination of the MR_(n) precursor and R′OH agent. This can be seen for example in FIG. 2 which represents the conversion percentage of trimethylenecarbonate as a function of time for two different alcohols, BnOH and ^(i)PrOH, respectively. It can be seen that there is no induction period when BnOH is used as transfer agent whereas the catalytic system based on ^(i)PrOH shows an important induction period of over 20 minutes.

In another embodiment according to the present invention the catalyst system used to start the ring-opening polymerisation of cyclic carbonates is a single-site catalyst component based upon a bulky β-diiminate ligands (BDI) as described by Coates et al. (B. M. Chamberlain, M. Cheng, D. R. Moore, T. M. Ovitt, E. B. Lobkovsky, and G. W. Coates, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 3229). It is represented by general formula

Wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl, or inert functional group and wherein two or more of said groups can be linked together to form one or more rings, wherein X is an hydrocarbyl radical having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkoxide group OR*, an amido group NR**₂ or a borohydride group (BH₄).

It is acting by a coordination/insertion mechanism.

Among the preferred catalytic compounds according to the present invention, one can cite [BDI]Zn(N(SiMe₃)₂), {[BDI]Zn(OiPr),}₂, Zn(N(SiMe₃)₂), ZnEt₂, Y(N(SiMe₃)₂), “Y(OiPr)₃”, and Al(OiPr)₃.

In these embodiments, the catalyst system also comprises an alcohol, as described above. This alcohol acts as an activator, eventually transforming in situ the catalyst precursor into an active metal-alkoxide species. Excess alcohol acts as transfer agent, transferring propagating polycarbonate chains from the active metal center to dormant hydroxy-capped polycarbonate chains. Accordingly, it is observed that the number average molecular weight increases when the ratio monomer/alcohol increases. The amount of alcohol is selected to obtain a ratio monomer/alcohol ranging between 25 and 25000, preferably between 200 and 2500.

This system allows transforming very large amounts of monomer with minute amounts of metal catalyst. The ratio monomer/metal is of from 1000 up to 100000.

Optionally, the alcohol can contain a functional group which will be selectively capping the terminus of each polycarbonate chain. This functional group can be used for various purposes. As non-limiting examples, one can cite:

-   -   a) vinyl end-groups which can promote further copolymerisation         with other monomers;     -   b) nitroxide or alkoxyamine end-groups which can promote         controlled radical polymerisation and/or ring-opening         polymerisations,     -   c) fluorinated pony-tails.

Polymerisation can be carried out in bulk or in solution. Usual aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons can be used for that purpose.

Polymerisation is conducted at a temperature ranging from 20° C. to 180° C. preferably between 50 and 150° C. The pressure ranges from 0.5 to 20 atm, preferably it is 1 atm.

The polycarbonates thus prepared show typically a unimodal molecular weight distribution that ranges from 1.1 to 5.0, more typically from 1.5 to 2.5.

The number average molecular weight Mn can be tuned by the monomer-to-alcohol ratio and ranges from 1 000 to 1 000 000 g/mol, more typically from 10 000 to 250 000 g/mol.

This polymerisation process is operative for 5- to 7-membered cyclic carbonates. Preferably, this polymerisation process is operative for 6-membered cyclic carbonates.

As non-limitative examples, one can cite: trimethylenecarbonate (TMC), 2-benzyloxy-trimethylenecarbonate (BTMC), 2-hydroxy-trimethylenecarbonate (TMCOH), 4-(benzyloxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (BDMC), 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (DMCOH).

In particular, one can site new cyclic carbonates such as 2-oxy-trimethylenecarbonate (OTMC), and dehydrotrimethylenecarbonate (DHTMC).

Copolymers resulting from any combinations of these monomers are also included in the present invention.

EXAMPLES

The polymerisation of trimethylenecarbonate (TMC) has been carried out with various catalyst components, alcohol initiators and polymerisation conditions.

Example 1

TMC was polymerised in the presence of diethylzinc (ZnEt₂) and an alcohol initiator

ROH.

Alcohol ROH was selected from ^(i)PrOH or BnOH, the polymerisation temperature was of 60° C.

The polymerisation time and the ratio TMC/ZnEt₂/ROH were varied as indicated in Table I.

The conversion rate expressed in %, the theoretical and experimental number average molecular weight and the polydispersity index D are disclosed in Table I.

The polydispersity index PI is determined by the ratio Mw/Mn of the weight average molecular weight Mw over the number average molecular weight Mn.

The theoretical number average molecular weight was calculated as

Mn_(theo)=[TMC]/[BnOH]×M_(TMC)× conversion+M_(BnOH)

with M_(TMC)=102.9 g/mol, M_(BnOH)=108.14 and M_(iPr)=60.10 g/mol

TABLE I Time Mn_(theo) Mn_(exp) Alcohol TMC/ZnEt₂/ROH min Conv. % g/mol g/mol PI iPrOH 1000/1/2 120 99 51100 64400 1.65 iPrOH 1000/1/5 150 100 20500 28500 1.75 iPrOH 1000/1/10 150 100 10300 21000 1.56 iPrOH 1000/1/20 130 100 5160 7600 1.3 BnOH 1000/1/2 60 99 50600 65200 1.68 BnOH 1000/1/5 60 100 20500 21100 1.74 BnOH 1000/1/10 60 100 10300 15000 1.48 BnOH 1000/1/20 60 100 5100 6500 1.28 BnOH 1000/1/50 150 90 1950 2600 1.15

The molecular weights Mn and Mw, and polydispersity index were determined by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) in THF versus PS standards and corrected with a Mark-Houwink factor of 0.73.

There is an excellent correlation between the theoretical and the experimental (corrected) values of molecular weight Mn. It can be seen also that the molecular weight decreases when the ratio TMC/alcohol decreases, that is when the amount of alcohol increases.

The ¹H NMR spectrum of the precipitated polymer can be seen in FIG. 3

Example 2

The polymerisation of trimethylene carbonate was carried out with β-diiminate-Zn—[N(SiMe₃)₂] and an alcohol.

In a first step, β-diiminate-Zn[N(SiMe₃)₂] was prepared according to a method developed by Coates et al. (B. M. Chamberlain, M. Cheng, D. R. Moore, T. M. Ovitt, E. B. Lobkovsky, and G. W. Coates, in J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2001, 123, 3229).

The polymerisation was then carried out according to the following scheme:

The alcohol used in all polymerisation experiments was BnOH and the temperature was of 60° C. to 110° C. The zinc complex and the alcohol were reacted under stirring prior to introduction of the monomer for a period of time of from 15 minutes to 180 minutes. In the absence of preliminary reaction, the observed molecular weight M_(n) was much larger than the calculated Mn. The experimental conditions and results are displayed in Table II.

TABLE II TMC/ Temp Time Conv. Mn_(theo) Mn_(RMN) Mn_(exp) Zn/ROH (° C.) min % g/mol g/mol g/mol PI 500/1/1 60 8 95   48600 46300   42000 1.7 500/1/2 60 8 100   25600 30250   27700 1.65 500/1/5 60 7 99   10200 10400   12400 1.55 500/1/10 60 30 100   5200  5750   7300 1.38 500/1/20 60 60 99   2600  2800   3500 1.35 1000/1/5 60 10 100   2040 25600   25900 1.6 1000/1/50 60 20 89   1920  1990   2200 1.17 2000/1/5 60 15 79   32200 nd   35700 1.9 2000/1/20 60 30 95   9800 11000   13100 1.38 5 000/1/20 60 75 90  23 060 nd  28 760 1.70 10 000/1/20 60 180 89  45 500 nd  45 900 1.67 25000/1/5 110 40 80  408470 nd  190000 1.70 25000/1/10 110 40 83  211940 nd  185200 1.63 25 000/1/20 60 900 75  95 820 nd  93 440 1.65 25 000/1/20 110 30 73  93 190 nd 102 200 1.69 25 000/1/20 110 50 96 122 500 nd 110 230 1.84 25000/1/50 110 40 80   40945 nd   50300 1.88 50 000/1/20 110 120 93 237 150 nd 160 600 1.68 it can be seen that, in this example also, the number average molecular weight Mn increases with increasing ratio monomer/alcohol.

Minute amounts of zinc, as low as 20 ppm versus the monomer, can be used to convert up to 50,000 equiv, of TMC within short reaction time periods.

Example 3

The polymerisation of trimethylenecarbonate was carried out with aluminium tris(isopropoxide) Al(O^(i)Pr)₃ at a temperature of 60 or 110° C. with and without alcohol, as indicated in table III.

The experimental conditions and results are displayed in Table III.

TABLE III TMC/ T Time Mn_(theo) Mn_(RMN) Alcohol Al/ROH ° C. min Conv. % g/mol g/mol PI — 1500/1/0 60 60 5 2500 nd nd — 1500/1/0 60 120 26 13300 nd nd — 500/1/0 110 5 70 17000 124000 1.66 — 500/1/0 110 10 100 17000 118000 1.63 — 500/1/0 110 10 100 17000 119000 1.66 — 500/1/0 110 20 100 17000 95100 1.89 iPrOH 500/1/5 110 10 100 10260 15700 1.4  BnOH 500/1/5 110 10 100 10300 11300 1.47 BnOH 2000/1/20 110 30 99 10200 12800 1.38

In the absence of alcohol, there is no correlation between the observed and calculated molecular weight Mn and the activity is very low. It can be concluded that the catalyst component is modified by the addition of alcohol.

Comparing the different catalyst systems used in the polymerisation of carbonates, the following conclusions can be derived.

In the reaction

-   -   wherein [cat] was either Al(iPrO)₃ or (BDI)Zn[N(SiMe₃)₂] and         thus wherein a different metal was used     -   wherein TMC/(Zn or Al)/BnOH=2000/1/20         similar results were observed in terms of conversion rate (95%),         molecular weight M_(n) (12000), and polydispersity index (1.38),         but the polymerisation temperature was much higher for Al than         for Zn. Zinc is thus more active than aluminium.

In the reaction

-   -   wherein the same metal was used, but in different metallic         compounds, ZnEt₂ and (BDI)Zn[N(SiMe₃)₂] respectively,     -   wherein the ratio TMC/Zn/BnOH=1000/1/50         similar results were obtained in terms of conversion rate (90%),         molecular weight M_(n) (2000) and polydispersity index (1.15)         but polymerisation with (BDI)Zn[N(SiMe₃)₂] occurred much faster         than with ZnEt₂, 20 minutes vs 150 minutes respectively.

In the reaction

-   -   wherein the metallic compound is ZnEt₂,     -   wherein the polymerisation temperature is of 60° C., and     -   wherein the ration TCM/Zn/ROH=1000/1/2, but     -   wherein different alcohols are used, BnOH vs ^(i)PrOH         similar results are observed in terms of conversion rate (99%),         molecular weight M_(n) (64400) and polydispersity index (1.65),         but the polymerisation time is shorter for BnOH than for         ^(i)PrOH, 60 minutes vs 120 minutes respectively.

It was further observed that the conversion rate increased with increasing temperature. 

1-13. (canceled)
 14. A process for polymerising five- or six- or seven-membered cyclic carbonates by ring-opening polymerisation in the presence of a system comprising an organometallic compound and alcohol; wherein a ratio of monomer/metal ranges between 1000 and 10,000 and wherein a number average molecular weight Mn of the final polymer increases with increasing monomer/alcohol ratio; wherein the organometallic compound is selected from metallic complexes of formula MR_(n) wherein M is a metal Group 2, 3, 8, 12 or 13 of the periodic Table, wherein each R is selected independently from hydrogen, a linear or branched hydrocarbyl radical having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkoxide group OR* wherein R* is a linear or branched hydrocarbyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an amido group NR**₂ wherein each R** is independently of general formula YR^(#) ₃ wherein Y is Si or C and each R^(#) is independently selected from hydrogen or hydrocarbyl having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, a borohydride group or an halide, and wherein n is the valence of M.
 15. The process of claim 14, wherein M is Mg(II), Ca(II), Y(III), Fe(II), Fe(III), Zn(II), or Al(III).
 16. The process of claim 14, wherein each R is selected independently from a group consisting of an amido group, an alkoxide group OR′, or a borohydride group.
 17. The process of claim 14, wherein each R is selected independently from a group consisting of N(SiMe₃)₂, N(SiHMe₂)₂, OiPr, OMe, OBn, and BH₄.
 18. The process of claim 14, wherein the alcohol is R′OH wherein R′ is an hydrocarbyl, linear or branched, having from 1 to 20 carbon atoms.
 19. The process of claim 14, wherein the alcohol is isopropyl (iPr) or benzyl (Bn).
 20. The process of claim 14, wherein the alcohol additionally contains a functional group that caps the end of each polycarbonate chain.
 21. The process of claim 14, wherein the monomer/alcohol ratio is of from 25 to
 25000. 22. The process of claim 14, wherein the monomer/alcohol ratio is of from 200 to
 2500. 23. The process of claim 14, wherein the amount of metal catalyst is selected to obtain a ratio of monomer/metal of from 1000 to
 100000. 24. The process of claim 14, wherein an alcohol to metal ratio ranges from 1 to
 50. 25. The process of claim 14, to prepare homo- or co-polymers of carbonate and wherein the carbonate comprises a 5- or 6-membered cyclic carbonate selected from trimethylenecarbonate (TMC), 2-benzyloxy-trimethylenecarbonate (BTMC), 2-hydroxy-trimethylenecarbonate (TMCOH), 4-(benzyloxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (BDMC), 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (DMCOH), 2-oxy-trimethylenecarbonate (OTMC), dehydrotrimethylenecarbonate (DHTMC), or a combination thereof.
 26. A process for polymerising five- or six- or seven-membered cyclic carbonates by ring-opening polymerisation in the presence of a system comprising an organometallic compound and alcohol; wherein a ratio of monomer/metal ranges between 1000 and 10,000 and wherein a number average molecular weight Mn of the final polymer increases with increasing monomer/alcohol ratio; wherein the organometallic compound is a single-site catalyst component based upon a bulky β-diiminate ligand (BDI) represented by general formula

wherein R¹, R², R³, R⁴, R⁵, R⁶ and R⁷ are each independently selected from hydrogen, unsubstituted or substituted hydrocarbyl, or inert functional group, wherein two or more of said groups can be linked together to form one or more rings, wherein X is an hydrocarbyl radical having from 1 to 12 carbon atoms, an alkoxide group OR*, an amido group NR**₂ or a borohydride group (BH₄).
 27. The process of claim 26, to prepare homo- or co-polymers of carbonate and wherein the carbonate comprises a 5- or 6-membered cyclic carbonate selected from trimethylenecarbonate (TMC), 2-benzyloxy-trimethylenecarbonate (BTMC), 2-hydroxy-trimethylenecarbonate (TMCOH), 4-(benzyloxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (BDMC), 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (DMCOH), 2-oxy-trimethylenecarbonate (OTMC), dehydrotrimethylenecarbonate (DHTMC), or a combination thereof.
 28. The process of claim 27, wherein the five- or six-membered cyclic carbonate comprises OTMC, DHTMC, or combinations thereof.
 29. A process for polymerising five- or six- or seven-membered cyclic carbonates by ring-opening polymerisation in the presence of a system comprising an organometallic compound and alcohol; wherein a ratio of monomer/metal ranges between 1000 and 10,000 and wherein a number average molecular weight Mn of the final polymer increases with increasing monomer/alcohol ratio; wherein the organometallic compound is selected from [BDI]Zn(N(SiMe3)₂), {[BDI]Zn(OiPr),}2, Zn(N(SiMe3)2), ZnEt2, Y(N(SiMe3)2), Y(OiPr)3, and Al(OiPr)3.
 30. The process of claim 29, to prepare homo- or co-polymers of carbonate and wherein the carbonate comprises a 5- or 6-membered cyclic carbonate selected from trimethylenecarbonate (TMC), 2-benzyloxy-trimethylenecarbonate (BTMC), 2-hydroxy-trimethylenecarbonate (TMCOH), 4-(benzyloxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (BDMC), 4-(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-dioxolan-2-one (DMCOH), 2-oxy-trimethylenecarbonate (OTMC), dehydrotrimethylenecarbonate (DHTMC), or a combination thereof. 